Highest paying jobs in China
The 30 best-paid groups of jobs in China, ranked by the national median yearly pay of enterprise employees, in yuan (CNY). The survey publishes pay for whole groups of jobs, and for a few digital occupations on their own, so each row lists every career that shares its figure.
Which of these would suit you? Take the 2-minute career quiz
Ranked by national median pay
Software Engineer: CN¥143,300
Middle half earn: CN¥90,000 to CN¥220,100
Financial Services Workers: CN¥131,200
Middle half earn: CN¥87,300 to CN¥189,200
Asset Manager, Bank Customer Service Officer, Bank Teller, Credit Card Services Officer, Insurance Agent, Insurance Broker, Insurance Policy Services Officer, Loan Officer, Loss Adjuster, Pawnbroker, Securities and Futures Services Professional, Trust Officer, Valuer and Appraiser
Computer Programmer: CN¥129,300
Middle half earn: CN¥80,000 to CN¥215,300
Heads of Enterprises and Public Institutions: CN¥100,500
Middle half earn: CN¥64,500 to CN¥178,800
Company Director, Company General Manager, Head of a Public Institution
IT Operations Engineer: CN¥99,500
Middle half earn: CN¥63,600 to CN¥161,600
Software Tester: CN¥98,800
Middle half earn: CN¥73,900 to CN¥150,500
Information Transmission, Software and IT Services Workers: CN¥96,000
Middle half earn: CN¥64,300 to CN¥153,500
AI Trainer, Blockchain Application Operator, Broadcast Antenna Technician, Broadcast Systems Technician, Call Centre Operator, Cryptography Engineer, Cyber Security Compliance Assessor (Multi Level Protection), Database Administrator, Digital Forensics Analyst, Digital Solutions Architect, Digital Twin Technician, IT Systems Administrator (Telecoms), IT Systems Compatibility Engineer, Network Operations Administrator, Penetration Tester, Radio Spectrum Monitoring Technician, Service Robot Technician, Telecoms Business Development Officer, Telecoms Fault Testing Officer, Telecoms Line Technician, Telecoms Network Technician, Telecoms Power Systems Technician, Telecoms Retail Consultant, Virtual Reality Designer
Network Engineer: CN¥88,200
Middle half earn: CN¥59,100 to CN¥132,000
Petroleum Processing, Coking and Coal Chemical Workers: CN¥85,000
Middle half earn: CN¥58,100 to CN¥127,900
Catalytic Cracking Operator, Coal Briquetting Operator, Coal Gasification Operator, Coal to Liquids Operator, Coal to Olefins Operator, Coal Upgrading Operator, Coal Water Slurry Operator, Coke Oven Operator, Coking Coal Preparation Operator, Crude Oil Distillation Operator, Hydrocracking Operator, Lubricant Production Operator, Naphtha Processing Operator, Oil Gasification Operator, Oil Shale Processing Operator, Oil Storage and Transfer Operator, Petroleum Products Refining Operator, Refinery Gas Processing Operator, Residue Thermal Processing Operator
Chemical Plant Control Room Operator: CN¥85,000
Middle half earn: CN¥67,000 to CN¥116,000
Supervisory, Legal, Social and Religious Professionals: CN¥84,000
Middle half earn: CN¥55,000 to CN¥156,100
Counsellor (Psychological), Court Officer, Forensic Pathologist, Forensic Scientist (Physical Evidence), In House Legal Counsel, Judge, Lawyer, Non Profit Organisation Professional, Notary, Public Prosecutor, Social Worker
News, Publishing and Cultural Professionals: CN¥83,000
Middle half earn: CN¥58,000 to CN¥131,000
Archaeologist, Archivist, Art Editor, Digital Publishing Editor, Editor, Electronic Music Producer, Heritage Site Conservator, Journalist, Librarian, Microfilm Specialist, Museum Collections Specialist, Museum Curator (Exhibitions), Newsreader and Announcer, Objects Conservator, Photojournalist, Production Editor, Proofreader, Sign Language Interpreter, Translator and Interpreter, TV and Radio Presenter, Web Content Editor
Mining Workers: CN¥81,700
Middle half earn: CN¥53,100 to CN¥125,200
Coal Seam Gas Production Operator, Drilling Rig Worker, Drilling Services Worker, Gas Processing Plant Operator, Gas Production Operator, Lake Salt Worker, Mine Control Room Operator, Mine Development Miner, Mine Rescue Officer, Mine Safety Equipment Technician, Mine Safety Officer, Mine Ventilation Officer, Mine Winder Operator, Mineral Dewatering Operator, Mineral Processing Operator, Offshore Platform Deckhand, Oil and Gas Pipeline Maintainer, Oil and Gas Transport Operator, Oil Production Operator, Open Cut Mine Support Worker, Open Cut Mining Equipment Operator, Ore Haulage and Waste Dump Operator, Ore Processing Operator, Petroleum Exploration Field Worker, Rock Salt Brine Worker, Sea Salt Worker, Subsea Drilling Equipment Operator, Tailings Operator, Underground Ground Support Worker, Underground Locomotive Driver, Underground Miner, Well Logging and Testing Operator, Well Servicing Operator
Railway, Ship and Aerospace Equipment Manufacturing Workers: CN¥80,500
Middle half earn: CN¥56,100 to CN¥119,300
Aero Engine Fitter, Aircraft Accessories Assembler, Aircraft Assembler, Aircraft Balancing Technician, Aircraft Canopy and Window Maker, Aircraft Electrical Installer, Aircraft Instrument Assembler, Aircraft Line Maintenance Technician, Aircraft Propeller Assembler, Aircraft Radar Installer, Aircraft Radio Installer, Aircraft Special Equipment Technician, Aircraft Survival Equipment Maker, Aircraft Systems Installer, Bicycle and E Bike Assembler, Drone Assembly and Repair Technician, High Speed Train Technician, Locomotive Fitter, Marine Electrical Fitter, Marine Mechanical Fitter, Motorcycle Assembly Technician, Railway Brake Fitter, Railway Points Fitter, Rolling Stock Fitter, Ship Fittings Maker, Ship Hull Fabricator, Ship Joiner and Rigger, Shipbreaker
Economic and Financial Professionals: CN¥80,100
Middle half earn: CN¥55,300 to CN¥127,700
Accountant, Actuary, Asset Valuer, Auctioneer, Auditor, Bank Clearing Specialist, Barter Trade Specialist, Brand Manager, Broker and Agent, Business Planning Consultant, Cooperative Development Specialist, Copyright Specialist, Corporate Compliance Officer, Corporate Finance Adviser, Credit Analyst, Customs Broker, Digital Transformation Manager, Economic Planner, Events and Exhibitions Planner, Financial Markets Specialist (Banking), Financial Products Adviser, Fintech Specialist, Forest Resource Valuer, Fund Manager, Futures Specialist, Gold Investment Specialist, Human Resources Manager, Human Resources Services Consultant, Insurance Claims Assessor, Insurance Investment Manager, Insurance Underwriter, Intellectual Property Analyst, International Banking Specialist, International Trade Specialist, Investment Analyst, Labour Market Information Analyst, Land and Property Title Registrar, Management Consultant, Marketing Specialist, Medical Insurance Administrator, Medical Sales Representative, Mining Rights Valuer, Patent Attorney, Patent Examiner, Patent Manager, Pricing Analyst, Procurement and Tendering Specialist, Property Development Manager, Property Manager, Property Valuer, Sea Area and Island Valuer, Securities Sponsor and Underwriter, Securities Trader, Statistician, Tax Adviser, Technology Transfer Manager, Trade Mark Attorney, Trade Mark Examiner, Trade Mark Manager, Treasury Operations Specialist (Central Bank), Vocational Training Instructor
Information Security Engineer: CN¥80,000
Middle half earn: CN¥54,000 to CN¥128,400
Cyber Security Administrator: CN¥79,600
Middle half earn: CN¥58,100 to CN¥119,700
Engineering and Technical Personnel: CN¥79,500
Middle half earn: CN¥55,200 to CN¥123,700
Additive Manufacturing Engineer, Advanced Ceramics and Inorganic Materials Engineer, Aero Engine Design Engineer, Aero Engine Manufacturing Engineer, Air Traffic Management Engineer, Aircraft Design Engineer, Aircraft Maintenance Engineer, Aircraft Manufacturing Engineer, Airport Engineer, Airworthiness Engineer, Anti Counterfeiting Engineer, Architectural and Municipal Design Engineer, Artificial Intelligence Engineer, Audiologist, Automation and Control Engineer, Automotive Engineer, Aviation Product Support Engineer, Avionics and Aircraft Systems Engineer, Big Data Engineer, Biomedical Equipment Engineer, Blasting Engineer, Blockchain Engineer, Border Animal and Plant Quarantine Officer, Border Health Quarantine Officer, Broadcast and Audiovisual Equipment Engineer, Broadcast Engineer (Production and Playout), Broadcast Transmission Engineer, Building Safety Inspector, Cable and Optical Fibre Engineer, Carbon Materials Engineer, Cartographer, Cast Pipe Engineer, Cement, Glass and Ceramics Engineer, Certification and Accreditation Auditor, Chemical Design Engineer, Chemical Process Development Engineer, Chemical Production Engineer, Civil and Building Construction Engineer, Climate Scientist (Monitoring and Prediction), Cloud Engineer, Coking Engineer, Computer Hardware Engineer, Concrete Engineer, Courier and Parcel Network Engineer, Cryptography Engineer, Data Engineer, Data Security Engineer, Deep Submergence Engineer, Desalination Engineer, Desertification Control Engineer, Drilling Engineer (Geological Exploration), Dyeing and Finishing Engineer, Earthquake Emergency Response Engineer, Electrical Equipment Engineer, Electrical Installation Engineer (Power Projects), Electronic Components Engineer, Electronic Materials Engineer, Electronic Test and Measurement Engineer, Embedded Systems Engineer, Energy Manager, Environmental Impact Assessment Engineer, Environmental Monitoring Engineer, Fermentation Engineer, Fibre Quality Inspection Engineer, Film Technical Engineer, Fire Protection Engineer, Flight Dispatcher, Flight Test Engineer, Flood and Drought Management Engineer, Food Technologist, Forest Harvesting and Transport Engineer, Forest Inventory and Monitoring Engineer, Forest Products Processing Engineer, Forest Protection Engineer, Foundry Engineer, Garment Technologist, Gas and District Heating Engineer, General Aviation Engineer, Geodetic Surveyor, Geological and Mineral Survey Engineer, Geological Laboratory Engineer, Geological Surveying and Mapping Engineer, Geophysical, Geochemical and Remote Sensing Exploration Engineer, Geotechnical Engineer, GIS Engineer, Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Engineer, Highway, Bridge and Tunnel Engineer, Horticultural and Landscape Planting Engineer, Household and Personal Care Chemicals Engineer, Hydrogeological, Engineering and Environmental Geology Engineer, Hydrographic Surveyor, Hydrologist, Import and Export Goods Inspector, Industrial Designer, Industrial Engineer, Industrial Internet Engineer, Information Manager, Instrumentation Engineer, Integrated Circuit Engineer, Internet of Things Engineer, Land Rehabilitation and Ecological Restoration Engineer, Landscape Architect, Leather Chemistry Engineer, Lighting Engineer, Lightning Protection Engineer, Logistics Engineer, Manufacturing Engineer, Marine Engineer (Shipbuilding), Marine Rescue and Salvage Engineer, Marine Resources Engineer, Marine Surveyor, Maritime Safety Engineer, Materials Forming and Treatment Engineer, Mechanical Design Engineer, Metal Rolling Engineer, Metallic Materials Engineer, Metallurgical Engineer (Smelting), Metallurgical Thermal Energy Engineer, Meteorological Observation Engineer, Metrology Engineer, Mine Construction Engineer, Mine Environment and Rehabilitation Engineer, Mine Ventilation Engineer, Mineral Processing Engineer, Mining Engineer, Mould Design Engineer, National Geographic Conditions Monitoring Engineer, Nature Reserve Engineer, Navigation and Location Services Engineer, Non Metallic Minerals Engineer, Nonwovens Engineer, Nuclear and Radiation Monitoring Engineer, Nuclear and Radiation Safety Engineer, Ocean Engineering Survey and Design Engineer, Ocean Forecaster, Ocean Survey and Monitoring Engineer, Oil and Gas Storage and Pipeline Engineer, Orthotist, Petroleum Engineer, Pharmaceutical Engineer, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Engineer, Plant and Equipment Engineer, Plant Health Engineer (Landscape Plants), Plastics Processing Engineer, Pollution Control Engineer, Port and Waterway Engineer, Postal Engineer, Power Generation Engineer, Power Supply and Utilisation Engineer, Power Transmission Engineer, Printing and Media Replication Engineer, Product Designer, Product Quality Inspection Engineer, Project Manager, Project Supervision Engineer, Prosthetist, Pulp and Paper Engineer, Quality Engineer, Quantity Surveyor, Radar and Navigation Engineer, Radio Navigation Aids Engineer, Railway Civil Engineer, Railway Operations Engineer, Railway Power Supply Engineer, Railway Signalling and Communications Engineer, Railway Track and Structures Engineer, Railway Traction and Locomotive Engineer, Rare Earth Engineer, Recycling Engineer, Refractories Engineer, Reliability Engineer, River and Water Ecology Engineer, Road Maintenance Engineer, Robotics Engineer, Rolling Stock Engineer, Safety Risk Assessor, Sanitation and Waste Management Engineer, Security Systems Engineer, Seismic Safety Assessment Engineer, Seismologist (Monitoring and Prediction), Ship Operations Engineer, Silviculture Engineer, Smart Manufacturing Engineer, Special Equipment Engineer, Special Equipment Inspection Engineer, Stage and Performance Equipment Engineer, Standards Engineer, Strategic Planning Engineer, Substation Engineer, Supply Chain Engineer, Synthetic Fibre Engineer, Systems Analyst, Telecommunications Engineer, Textile Engineer, Traffic Engineer, Urban and Regional Planner, Vehicle Fleet Engineer, Virtual Reality Engineer, Visual Navigation Aids Engineer, Water and Wastewater Engineer, Water Efficiency Engineer, Water Infrastructure Manager, Water Resources and Hydropower Engineer, Weather Forecaster, Weather Modification Engineer, Weather Services Specialist, Welding Engineer, Wetland Restoration Engineer, Wildlife Conservation Engineer, Wood, Bamboo and Natural Fibre Processing Engineer, Workplace Safety Manager
Electricity, Heat, Gas and Water Production and Distribution Workers: CN¥79,000
Middle half earn: CN¥55,300 to CN¥123,900
Air Pollution Control Operator, Boiler Attendant, Boiler Operator, Compressor Operator, Cryogenic Gas Separation Operator, District Heating Network Operator, Fuel Handling Operator, Gas Storage and Distribution Worker, Gas Turbine Operator, Hydrogen Cooling Operator, Hydropower Station Operator, Industrial Fan and Blower Operator, Industrial Gas Liquefaction Operator, Industrial Gas Production Worker, Industrial Wastewater Treatment Operator, Power Plant Control Room Operator, Power Station Electrical Operator, Protection Relay Technician, Pump Operator, Solar Farm Operator, Steam Turbine Operator, Substation Operator, Utility Tunnel Technician, Waste Heat Recovery Operator, Water Supply and Drainage Worker, Water Treatment Plant Operator, Wind Farm Operator
Electricity, Gas and Water Supply Services Workers: CN¥78,700
Middle half earn: CN¥52,400 to CN¥117,500
Electricity Customer Service Officer, Electricity Trader, Gas Supply Customer Service Officer, Integrated Energy Services Officer, Rural Water Supply Operator, Water Supply Customer Service Officer
Engineering Surveyor: CN¥75,400
Middle half earn: CN¥54,300 to CN¥114,400
Automotive Manufacturing Workers: CN¥75,300
Middle half earn: CN¥56,800 to CN¥99,000
Car Parts Remanufacturing Worker, Car Production Line Operator, Car Trim Maker, Vehicle Assembly Technician, Vehicle Dismantler
Transport Equipment and General Construction Machinery Operators and Related Workers: CN¥74,600
Middle half earn: CN¥56,600 to CN¥104,700
Air Navigation Systems Technician, Airport Equipment Technician, Aviation Fuel Technician, Cable Car Operator, Commercial Diver, Conveyor Operator, Crane and Materials Handling Operator, Deckhand, Earthmoving and Piling Machine Operator, Lock and Ship Lift Operator, Locomotive Dispatcher, Locomotive Servicing Worker, Marine Engine Room Operator, Railway Power Supply Technician, Railway Recovery Crane Operator, Railway Shunter, Railway Station Traffic Operator, Railway Test Equipment Technician, Rigger, Special Purpose Vehicle Driver
Chemical Fibre Manufacturing Workers: CN¥73,600
Middle half earn: CN¥56,400 to CN¥92,900
Fibre Spinning Operator, Spinning Dope Preparation Operator, Synthetic Fibre Finishing Operator, Synthetic Fibre Polymerisation Operator
Literature, Arts and Sports Professionals: CN¥72,900
Middle half earn: CN¥50,000 to CN¥112,800
Acrobat and Magician, Animator and Game Artist, Art Photographer, Athlete, Athletic Trainer, Calligrapher, Chinese Traditional Instrumentalist, Choreographer, Cinematographer, Composer, Conductor, Costume and Props Supervisor, Craft Artist and Designer, Dancer, Digital Media Artist, Director (Film, TV and Theatre), Exhibition Designer, Fashion Designer, Film and TV Actor, Film and TV Distributor, Film and TV Producer, Film and Video Editor, Graphic Designer, Interior and Landscape Designer, Lighting Designer, Lyricist, Make Up Artist (Stage and Screen), Orchestral and Western Instrumentalist, Painter (Artist), Playwright and Screenwriter, Production Designer, Public Artist, Quyi Performer (Chinese Storytelling and Ballad Arts), Quyi Writer (Chinese Storytelling and Ballad Arts), Script Supervisor, Sculptor, Seal Carver, Set Builder, Shadow Puppet and Puppet Performer, Singer, Sound Designer and Recordist, Sports Coach, Sports Manager, Sports Referee and Umpire, Stage Actor (Theatre and Chinese Opera), Stage Designer, Stage Manager, Textile Designer, Theatre Producer, TV Vision Mixer and Director, Writer (Literature)
General Equipment Manufacturing Workers: CN¥72,400
Middle half earn: CN¥55,000 to CN¥98,000
Bearing Maker, Boiler Fabricator, Camera and Photographic Equipment Maker, Chain Drive Components Maker, Compressor Assembler and Tester, Copier and Printer Assembler, Electrodialysis Equipment Maker, Engine Assembler and Tester, Fan and Blower Assembler and Tester, Fastener Maker, Film and Projection Equipment Maker, Filtration and Separation Equipment Assembler, Fitter and Assembler, Gas Separation Equipment Assembler, Gear Cutter, Gearbox Assembler and Tester, Hydraulic, Pneumatic and Seal Components Maker, Industrial and Electric Furnace Assembler, Lift Assembler and Tester, Machine Tool Assembler and Repairer, Membrane Water Treatment Equipment Maker, Office Equipment Remanufacturing Technician, Optical Lens Maker, Power Tool Production Operator, Printer Consumables Maker, Pump Assembler and Tester, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment Assembler, Small Office Machinery Maker, Spring Maker, Steam Turbine Assembler and Tester, Vacuum Equipment Assembler and Tester, Valve Assembler and Tester, Weighing Equipment Assembler and Tester, Welding Consumables Production Operator, Welding Equipment Assembler and Tester, Wind Turbine Manufacturing Technician
Basic Machining Workers: CN¥71,800
Middle half earn: CN¥54,000 to CN¥94,200
Abrasive Products Maker, Abrasives Production Operator, Additive Manufacturing Technician, Boring Machinist, Broaching Machinist, Cutting and Sawing Operator, Drilling Machinist, EDM Machinist, Electroplater, Forger, Foundry Worker, Gauge and Cutting Tool Maker, Grinding Machinist, Heat Treater, Industrial Spray Painter, Metal Cutting Operator, Milling Machinist, Model Maker, Multi Process CNC Machine Setter and Operator, Planing and Slotting Machinist, Powder Metallurgy Products Maker, Press Operator, Riveter, Thermal Spray and Hardfacing Operator, Thin Film Coating Operator, Toolmaker (Fitter), Toolmaker (Moulds and Dies), Turner, Welder
Computer, Communications and Other Electronic Equipment Manufacturing Workers: CN¥71,200
Middle half earn: CN¥56,600 to CN¥89,200
Capacitor Maker, Computer Assembly Technician, Electrical Connector Maker, Electrode Wire Maker, Electronic Equipment Mechanical Fitter, Electronic Equipment Test Technician, Electronic Insulation Materials Maker, Electronics Assembler, Electronics Phototool Maker, Inductor Maker, Internet of Things Installer, Laser Equipment Technician, LCD Panel Maker, Loudspeaker and Headphone Maker, Magnetic Head Maker, Microwave Ferrite Component Maker, Mobile Phone and Device Assembler, Printed Circuit Board Maker, Quartz Crystal Component Maker, Quartz Crystal Growing Operator, Quartz Wafer Processor, Radar Assembly Technician, Relay Maker, Resistor Maker, Semiconductor Assembly and Test Technician, Semiconductor Chip Fabrication Worker, Semiconductor Wafer Maker, Smart Device Technician, Telecoms Equipment Maker, Thermoelectric Device Maker, Thin Film Heater Maker, Underwater Transducer Maker, Vacuum Electronic Device Maker
Chemical Raw Materials and Products Manufacturing Workers: CN¥70,300
Middle half earn: CN¥51,500 to CN¥94,900
Activated Carbon Production Operator, Aliphatic Derivatives Plant Operator, Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Plant Operator, Ammonia Plant Operator, Ammonium Nitrate Plant Operator, Ammonium Sulphate Plant Operator, Animal Glue and Gelatine Maker, Aroma Chemicals Production Operator, Aromatic Derivatives Plant Operator, Aromatic Hydrocarbons Plant Operator, Biomass Chemicals Production Operator, Brine Processing Operator, Catalyst Production Operator, Caustic Soda Plant Operator, Chemical Additives Production Operator, Chemical Process Operator, Chemical Raw Materials Operator, Chemical Reagent Production Operator, Compound Fertiliser Plant Operator, Cork Products Maker, Corrosion Control Technician, Cosmetic Formulator, Cosmetics Production Operator, Detergent Production Operator, Detonating Cord Maker, Detonator Maker, Display Film Production Operator, Dye Production Operator, Explosives Storekeeper, Fermentation Solvents Operator, Fireworks Maker, Flexographic Plate Production Operator, Fragrance and Flavour Compounder, Fused Calcium Magnesium Phosphate Plant Operator, Glycerine Production Operator, Household Chemicals Formulator, Hydrochloric Acid Plant Operator, Industrial Cleaner, Inorganic Chemical Reaction Operator, Inorganic Salts Production Operator, Magnetic Recording Materials Production Operator, Match Maker, Nitric Acid Plant Operator, Offset Printing Plate Production Operator, Oleochemicals Production Operator, Oral Care Products Maker, Organic Synthesis Operator, Organofluorine Production Operator, Paint Production Operator, Perfumer and Flavourist, Pesticide Production Operator, Phosphoric Acid Plant Operator, Photographic Materials Production Operator, Pigment Production Operator, Plant Material Hydrolysis Operator, Potash Fertiliser Plant Operator, Printing Ink Maker, Pyrotechnic Device Assembler, Refrigeration Operator, Rosin Production Operator, Shellac Production Operator, Silicones Production Operator, Soap Maker, Soda Ash Plant Operator, Sodium Sulphate Production Operator, Sulphuric Acid Plant Operator, Superphosphate Plant Operator, Surfactant Production Operator, Synthetic Resin Plant Operator, Synthetic Rubber Plant Operator, Tannin Extract Production Operator, Textile Auxiliaries Production Operator, Thermal Transfer Film Coater, Turpentine Products Operator, Urea Plant Operator, Wood Panel Adhesive Maker
E Commerce Specialist: CN¥70,000
Middle half earn: CN¥51,000 to CN¥105,100
National median yearly pay of enterprise employees from Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (MOHRSS): 2025 enterprise pay survey information: wage prices of enterprise employees by occupation mid group, and digital occupations (P10 to P90 annual CNY) (2025 (published 2026-07-08)). Half earn more and half earn less. The public sector and the self-employed are not covered. Jobs with only a Guangzhou figure are left out, because one city's pay does not compare with national figures. Source
Sources: Occupational Classification of the People's Republic of China (2022 edition, public consultation draft), Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, State Administration for Market Regulation and National Bureau of Statistics; Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, 2025 enterprise pay survey information; Guangzhou Human Resources and Social Security Bureau, 2025 labour market wage prices; National Bureau of Statistics of China (www.stats.gov.cn), 2020 Population Census yearbook; Ministry of Education, vocational education major profiles (2022 revision) and undergraduate major catalogue (2025); Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, national vocational qualifications catalogue (2021); O*NET interest scores (CC BY 4.0); ILO global generative AI exposure index (CC BY 4.0). Figures processed by Peernovo. English text, translations and the matching of occupations to ISCO-08, majors, degree fields and qualifications by Peernovo.